Operating systems of course play a key and indeed critical role in all of this. Now the software products, which is what an operating system is, designed to manage hardware and create environments for software as applications to run, plus all the service code. They're designed to create a well-managed environment on the hardware and enable the applications and data to interact, as well as ensuring that they are isolated from each other in any way that might cause a system failure or a violation of the security policy.

Now some of these will be embedded systems and these are quite common. We see them in the functionality of various devices like video cassette recorders, temperature-controlled devices, and others, where the software is embedded in a chip and functions strictly from there in a very limited way. Now there are other ones which we call IOT or control systems, and they are in various categories. Some are called SCADA, some are called ICS, industrial control systems, are program logic controllers that in their various functions, are representatives of the body of what we refer to as IOT or the internet of things. These connect and control devices that collect data, manage industrial processes such as refineries or emergency response systems, and the electrical grid of the nation. Firmware is code embedded in ROM chips and function as operating system and bios for such systems.