In an effort to get you quickly editing files early on in the course, I just showed you the 'i' command to enter insert mode. Well, as you might've already figured out on your own, there is more than one way to enter insert mode. It shouldn't surprise you really. We've seen this time and time again with Vim, where, there is more than just one way to do the same thing, and where there are multiple commands that do something very similar to each other. As usual, I'm going to use a file here, so I can demonstrate some of these other ways to get into insert mode. First, I'm going to open up a terminal on my system and navigate to where I extracted the contents of the course download archive, and for me, that's in the Downloads folder, in the vimclass folder. And now I'm going to open the file called inserting.txt. Let's say you wanna make the second line in this file just like the first line. One way to do this is to move your cursor to the second line and position it where there is some missing text, just in front of the word 'is'. So I'll press 'j', and I could press 'w' to move over a couple of words here. And now, you can press 'i' to enter insert mode and type the word 'lines', followed by a space and then press ESC to get to normal mode and then move over again to the next place. Hit 'i' to go at into insert mode, type the word 'not', press ESC again, to get back to normal mode. Now, this is pretty much the method you already know. So, now let's move down to the line that begins with 'my'. Just do that by pressing 'j' three times here or if you're going for efficiency you could have just used 'three j'. Now, to make this line look like the one above it, you have a few choices. If you were to use the method you already know, you would have to position the cursor at the beginning of the line and then enter insert mode. To position the cursor at the beginning of this line, you could use 'zero' or the caret symbol, which is 'shift six' on my keyboard. Both are the same because this line starts with a non blank character, but remember that the caret symbol moves to the first non blank character of the line. From there, you can just enter insert mode with 'i'. However, there is a single command that does both of those things. It's capital "I" or shift "I". So when you type shift "I", which I'll do right now, shift "I", the cursor jumps to the first non blank character in the line and you're placed into insert mode. This is the same thing as pressing caret "I". So the lowercase "i" command lets you insert text before your current cursor position and capital "I" lets you insert text before the first non blank character on the line you're on. To make this line just like the one above it, you can just type capital H E L L O, 'comma', 'space', and then press ESC to return to normal mode. Now let's move down to the line that begins with 'o c e' and I can do that with 'three j' and then press 'zero' to go to the beginning of the line. Now let's say you want OCE to read 'once', O N C E. You can move the cursor over a character and use the "i" command to enter insert mode. Or you can simply press the "a" command from your current cursor position. And we'll do that now and press 'a'. And what happens is that the 'a' command appends text after the current cursor position. So, to fix this mistake, we just type 'a', like we did, hit 'n' to fix our mistake, press ESC to return to normal mode, and we're all set. Again, let's jump to the bottom line of the next pair using 'three J'. Now this line is missing the last word in the sentence. So you can use the capital "A" command which appends to the end of the line. So, you can easily make this line match the one above it by first pressing 'shift a' and then typing 'space, d a y', pressing 'period', then pressing ESC to return back to normal mode. So again, capital "A" is append to the end of the line. Now let's move down to the next non blank line here. We can just move down with 'j' and 'j' again. And this line reads- "What is 2+2? Answer on the line below" To do this, use the 'o' command lowercase 'o'. It begins a new line below the cursor and places you in insert mode. So to answer this question on the line below, you would type 'o', press 'four', and then press ESC to return back to normal mode. Now let's do this again, let's move to the next non blank line here with 'two J' and let's say you want to create a line above the current line and immediately start inserting text on that line. Well to do that you would use capital 'O' or shift 'o'. So to answer this question on the line above, I'm going to type 'shift', 'o', which starts a new line above the current cursor position. I'm in insert mode, so I can just type 'four' to insert the text, press ESC, and now we're back to normal mode. Next, let's move down a few more spaces here. I'm going to position my cursor below this line that says create a line of asterisks and I'm going to hit 'Z' and 'enter', to just move the text up our screen. You already know how you can make a command repeat as many times as you want it to by proceeding that command with a number which is called a count. This also works with the insert command. It may not be obvious at first, but it's pretty cool. So if you want to create a line that contains 80 asterisks, then you just type 'eight' 'zero' 'i', and now you're an insert mode, make your edit, which is simply pressing 'shift eight' to enter an asterisk. And now when you press ESC, that command is repeated 80 times and you're left with a line of 80 asterisks, right there in your editor. Okay, now let's move down to the next line. I'll just hit 'j', and let's say you want to create five new lines that begin with the 'pound' sign or some people call it a number sign or a hash. Think about how you would create one new line below your current cursor position. That's right, You can use the 'o' command to do that. Now if you were to run 'o', 'pound', ESC, you would have a new line that contained the 'pound' sign. Let's do that five times by typing 'five' 'o', now you're placed in insert mode. Hit the 'pound' sign here and then press ESC. This might be a quick way to create a comment section in a configuration file, shell script or other program. By the way, you can repeat these commands with more than just one character. For example, let's say you want to create a list of IP addresses and they all start with 10.11.12. Well, to create four lines that start like that, we can just go down here and type 'four', 'o', 10.11.12 'dot' and press ESC. And now you can quickly go back and fill in the last section of each IP address, because you created four lines really quickly that started out the same way. There is a very similar mode to insert mode in Vim, and it's called replace mode. Some would actually argue that it's just really another form of insert mode. In any case, when you enter replace mode, each character you type replaces an existing character. Let's try this with a line that reads "Replace me!". So first we'll position our cursor where you want to start to replace. And so we'll go down here, and then I'm going to press "zero" to jump to the beginning of the line. And then now what we can do is type capital 'R' or shift 'R', you'll see replace appear on the status line at the bottom of your screen indicating that you're in replace mode. Now, whatever you type will overwrite the existing text. So let's try... "I love using Vim exclamation mark". And then when we're done, we can press ESC. And now we're returned to normal mode. And this example, we typed over the characters and even beyond the original end of the line. So in replace mode, one character in the line is deleted for every character you type. If there is no character to delete like at the end of the line, then that type character is appended to the line. It's actually pretty intuitive. Once you use this once or twice you'll really understand how that works. So let's use replace mode to change the word 'dog' to 'cat' in the next line. So I'll just go down a couple here and then go back a couple of words by using 'b'. Now we can type shift 'R', capital 'R' and then C A T, and press ESC, and we're back into normal mode and we replaced 'dog' with 'cat'. If you just want to replace one character, use lowercase 'R', so in the next sentence let's change 'bat' to 'cat'. So we'll position our cursor under the 'b', just move down here, and go back to the beginning of the word, type lowercase 'r' followed by 'c' and the 'b' is replaced with 'c'. Now notice how we didn't have to hit ESC to go back to normal mode. Lowercase 'r' only lets you replace one character. So you just hit that one character and then you're automatically placed back into normal mode. Okay, let's move down to the next line that has some text here. And let's say you want to replace word 'canine' with the word 'dog'. You could use the replace mode but after you replaced the first three characters, you would have to delete the remaining characters in the word since it's longer than the words you want to replace it with. This is where the 'c' or change command is useful. The format of the 'c' command is an optional register, followed by 'c', followed by a motion. So to change a word, we could type 'cw'. So let's do that here with 'canine'. You can position the cursor right at the beginning of the word 'canine', type 'c' for change, 'w' for a word motion, now we're into insert mode. And now we can just type cat 'c a t', press ESC, and that word was changed from 'canine' to 'cat', pretty easy. What essentially happens is the word is deleted and you're placed in insert mode. So whatever you type replaces the motion you specified, it doesn't have to be equal either. So let's move down to the next line. Go 'b' to go back to the beginning of this word and this time let's change 'canine' to 'black cat'. Again, you can use 'cw' and then type your replacement text. So we'll do 'cw' to change the word 'canine'. We're going to type 'black cat' and press ESC. So you can quickly change a single word into multiple words or multiple lines or whatever replacement texts that you want, when you're using this 'c' motion command. All right, let's do this one more time, let's change 'canine' to 'cat'. And this time what we want to do is save it into the 'a' named register. So, we'll position our cursor at the beginning of 'canine', I'll just hit 'b'to go back here and then we'll type double quote a, 'c w', type 'cat', and then hit ESC. Now we can look, look at the registers with a register command we'll type 'R E G' 'space' 'a' and press enter. And you'll see that the text that we replaced is now in the 'a' register, the word 'canine'. You already know how to use registers, but I just wanted to give you a little reminder using this new command that you were just introduced to. Let's move down a couple of lines here and I'm just going to shift this text to the top of our screen here with 'z' and 'enter', so we can see what we're doing. Let's say you want to replace all the text on the line starting at the word 'car'. So to do this, just position your cursor at 'car' and I'll just do this with 'w' 'w' over to 'car' and then we can type 'c' ' sign. Now remember that the ' sign motion takes you to the end of the line. So 'c sign means replace from your current cursor position all the way through the end of the line. And now we can just type 'mouse', for example, 'period' and press ESC. You might have noticed that the 'c' command is really behaving a lot like the 'd' command you learned in an earlier lesson. Remember how the 'd sign command deletes the characters from under the cursor until the end of the line? And do you remember the one letter command that does the exact same thing? Yep. That's shift 'd' or capital 'D'. So if 'c sign changes texts to the end of the line, while what one letter command do you think does the same thing? I hope you guessed capital 'C'. So let's our cursor under 'car' in the next line and use capital 'C'. So we'll go down here, I'll just hit 'b' to go back to 'car', shift 'c' for capital 'C', it's going to let us replace the entire line. Really, it deletes the line from our current cursor position all the way to the end, places us an insert mode and allows us to type our text, which we're going to do with 'mouse', 'period' and press ESC to return to normal mode. Another handy command to know is 'cc', which allows you to change an entire line of text. So let's move down to the next line with 'j' and 'j', type 'cc' and then we'll just type the replacement text. So we'll type "The cat chased the mouse", 'period', ESC and we're back into normal mode. Now, just like the 'c' command, you can optionally use a register to store the texts that you replaced. You can also use an optional count with the command. So, if you wanted to change three lines then just use 'three cc' for example. The next line begins with the lowercase letter. If you wanted to change that lowercase 't' to an uppercase 'T', you have a few options. One possibility would be to use the lowercase 'r' command followed by uppercase 'T', to make that single character replacement. However, the 'Tilde' command switches the case of the character under the cursor. So position your cursor under the lowercase 't' and type 'Tilde'. So, we'll move down with two 'j's' here, to the beginning of the line with 'zero', and then now we'll just type 'tilde', and the lowercase 't' gets changed to uppercase 'T'. Let's change the case of the first word on the next line. So we position our cursor on the next line at the beginning, and we could type 'tilde' multiple times and that would get the job done. However, you can use 'g' 'tilde' motion. So to change the case of a word, we can use 'g' 'tilde' 'w' and that entire motion is changed to uppercase or it swaps the case. Now, let's switch the case of the entire next line. So we'll move down here. And then what we can do is 'g' 'tilde' ' sign, which does what we want. You can also use 'g' 'tilde' 'tilde', which also does the same thing as 'g' 'tilde' ' sign. Can you see the pattern here, two of the same command operate on an entire line. So you've seen this with 'dd' 'yy' 'cc', and now with 'g' 'tilde' 'tilde'. The more you use Vim, and the more you start thinking of them, the easier this all becomes. All of these little patterns start to accumulate, and before long, you're going to know lots and lots of Vim commands because of all these neat little connections that you're making. while we're working with case, let's go ahead and change the word 'upper' on the next line to be uppercase. And you'll notice that the 'E' is already an uppercase. So if we were to use the switch case command, the 'Tilde', on that entire word, we would end up with everything in uppercase letters, except for that 'E'. Luckily there's a command to force all uppercase letters and that is a 'g', 'capital U' followed by a motion. So let's position your cursor under the 'U', we will do 'j' 'j', we'll go forward a word with 'w' and now we can type 'g', 'shift U' for uppercase 'U', and then 'w'. That makes all the letters in that motion uppercase, no matter what case they were before. Now, let's move down to the next line here with 'j' a couple of times, and let's make this entire line uppercase. The command 'g U U', both uppercase U's, will do just that, 'g U U'. Okay? Like there is an uppercase command, there is also a lowercase command. So let's move to the next line and change the word 'lower' to all lowercase. And it already contains a letter that is in lowercase, so using the 'Tilde' command to switch the case will not give you what you're looking for. So, the command to do this is 'g', 'u', motion and notice how this is a lowercase 'u'. So we'll use 'g u w' for word motion and that moves everything to lowercase for that motion. Okay let's move to the next line and make it all lowercase. It should come to you as no surprise that the command 'g u u' will do just that. So far, we've talked about more ways to enter insert mode, we looked at a few different ways to perform replacements and just now we finished with making case changes within our texts. Finally, I want to share with you just one more command in this lesson, that command is the capital 'J' command, which joins lines together. So let's combine the next pair of lines on our screen. First, I'm just going to position my cursor down there and hit 'z' and 'enter' to move that text into view on our screen. Now what we want to do is combine these two lines, so it reads "the cat chased the mouse" all on one line. So now with our cursor anywhere on this first line, we can hit shift 'J' which is the capital 'J' command. And you'll notice that a space was upended to the end of the current line and the line below it was moved to the end of this line. So the uppercase 'J' command tries to be smart about how it includes spaces at the end of the line. If there's already a space at the end of the line it will not add an additional space for example. Also, if the line ends with a 'period', then the uppercase 'J' command will append two spaces to the end of the line, before it appends the line below it. Okay, let's look at this in action by joining the next two lines together. So I'll just move down a couple of lines here, press 'shift J'. Now I can press 'L' to show you that there are indeed two spaces. So I'm under a space. If I go 'H', I'm also under space. So there are two spaces appended after the period because that's how the uppercase 'J' works, and it tries to be smart for you. Okay, let's move down to the next pair of lines and let's say we want to join these two lines but we don't want them adding additional spaces for us. To do that, we can use the 'g' 'capital J' command. So run 'g', 'shift J', and you'll notice that there are no spaces after the 'period'. If you had just used the 'capital J' command two spaces would have come after the 'period' and then you would have not gotten the desired result. Again, like most commands in Vim, you can make it repeat by providing a count. So let's go down here to these three lines and let's join them all together by typing 'three', 'shift J' and those three lines are all joined together.